Testing red, green and gold
Yue and Chang combined mitochondrial and microsatellite phylogenetic analyses with controlled reproductive crosses involving different Asian arowana color forms.
Fertility outcome
The authors reported fertile offspring from cross-variety matings, providing evidence against recognizing all three colors as independently reproductively isolated species.
Limitations
Fertility does not establish a fixed F1 hue, a stable resale trade name, a dominant allele, or the ancestry of any tagged commercial individual.
Research interpretation
The study can support evidence-based species grouping. Real breeding trees still need identified sire, dam and offspring with breeder documents or tested pedigrees.